The first intercontinental ballistic missiles were developed by Nazi Germany during WW II, in the Projekt Amerika. The A9/10 rocket, developed from the more famous V2, was intented to hit New York, but the project was never finished. This was also the first and last ICBM which was intended to have a non-nuclear warhead. Later projects, started immediately after the war by the US and later by the USSR, had the sole purpose of being the main striking force in an all-out nuclear war and built a foundation for the Mutual Assured Destruction doctrine; however, the world's first working ICBM was tested by Russians no sooner than in 1957. By 1970, the US introduced Minuteman MIRVs, ICBMs with the capability to carry multiple warheads. MIRVs were banned in 1993 by the START II treaty, but Russia withdrew from it in 2002, just after the US withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and started to develop anti-ICBM defenses.